Naturalisation — s.6 British Nationality Act 1981
Most people who have settled in the UK through the immigration system apply for naturalisation. There are two routes:
Registration Routes
Registration is a distinct route from naturalisation — it applies to those who have a pre-existing connection to British nationality. Key routes under the BNA 1981:
The Good Character Requirement
All naturalisation and most registration applications require the applicant to be of "good character." The Home Office considers:
- Criminal convictions — a sentence of 4+ years' imprisonment leads to automatic refusal. 12 months to 4 years: refused for 15 years from the end of the sentence. Under 12 months: refused for 10 years. Non-custodial sentences: refused for 3 years from conviction.
- Immigration breaches — overstaying, deception in an application, working without permission, and other immigration offences. Typically bars citizenship for 10 years from the breach.
- Financial conduct — insolvency, tax evasion, or serious financial misconduct.
- Associations — associations with terrorism, serious organised crime, or extremism.
Spent convictions under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 do not need to be disclosed for most citizenship applications — but the time periods above run from the end of the sentence, not from when it is spent. A solicitor advises precisely on whether any conviction is a bar and for how long.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I hold dual nationality if I become British?
The UK allows dual nationality — there is no requirement to give up your existing citizenship when you become British. However, your existing country's laws may not permit dual nationality — some countries automatically remove citizenship when you acquire another nationality. A solicitor advises on the implications for your specific nationality. Countries that typically prohibit dual nationality include China, India, Germany (with exceptions), and Japan.
How long does a British citizenship application take?
Standard processing for naturalisation is approximately 6 months. There is no priority service for citizenship applications. Once citizenship is granted, you attend a citizenship ceremony where you take the oath or affirm your allegiance and receive your certificate of naturalisation. You can apply for a British passport once you have the certificate — this typically takes a further 3–6 weeks.
Do I need the Life in the UK test if I am over 65?
No. Applicants aged 65 and over are exempt from the Life in the UK test and the English language requirement. Applicants with a long-term physical or mental condition that prevents them from studying for or taking the test may also be exempt with appropriate medical evidence. A solicitor confirms the exemption and advises on the evidence required.
Can children apply for citizenship?
Yes — children can be included in a parent's naturalisation application (adding them to the application) or apply separately by registration depending on their circumstances. Children under 10 who have spent their first 10 years in the UK can register under s.1(4) BNA 1981 even if neither parent is British or settled. A solicitor advises on the right route for each child's specific situation.
What happens if I spent time outside the UK during my qualifying period?
For naturalisation under s.6(1), you must not have spent more than 450 days outside the UK in the 5-year qualifying period, and no more than 90 days in the final 12 months. For naturalisation as the spouse of a British citizen (s.6(2)), the limit is 270 days in 3 years and 90 days in the final year. Exceeding the limits means you have not yet met the residence requirement and must wait until you have a qualifying period within the limits.